satellite communications

    From Joint Publication 3-14, Space Operations, 10 April 2018:

6. Satellite Communications

    a. SATCOM systems inherently facilitate beyond LOS connectivity. Depending on its configuration, a robust SATCOM architecture provides either worldwide coverage (non-polar) or global coverage (includes poles). This provides national and strategic leadership with a means to maintain situational awareness and convey their intent to the operational commanders responsible for conducting joint operations. SATCOM also provides critical connectivity for tactical maneuver forces and disadvantaged users whose rapid movement and geographically dispersed deployments remove them from direct access to terrestrial communications infrastructures. SATCOM systems provide voice and data connectivity that facilitates C2, survivable communications for Presidential support, nuclear C2, and intelligence.

    b. The inherent capabilities of satellite systems provide significant advantages over other communications systems.

        (1) Global Coverage. Collectively, SATCOM systems provide global coverage. If required, satellites can focus capacity in areas of special interest.

        (2) Real-Time, Over-the-Horizon Transmission of Voice and Data. Like other communications media, most SATCOM systems provide real-time connectivity for both voice and data. Unlike other communications media, SATCOM can provide global voice and data transmission such as the tracking of force disposition and status.

        (3) Independence from Terrestrial Communications Architecture. Some SATCOM links preclude the need for long terrestrial communications links. Furthermore, these specific SATCOM links enable US forces to communicate without the need for physical connectivity or terrestrial LOS communication over relay infrastructure.

        (4) Flexibility. Satellite systems allow global coverage and interlinking between frequency bands and systems, and certain systems are able to provide a relatively low probability of detection (LPD). Flexibility gives the JFC a great deal of latitude in mixing and matching satellite systems to meet specific operational requirements. Selected waveforms and directional antennas afford LPD, wide bandwidths allow higher data rates, ground stations permit cross patching, and satellite positions make global coverage available.

        (5) Support to Mobile Forces. SATCOM systems can provide the communications required by mobile forces operating over wide areas.

—Joint Publication 3-14, Space Operations, 10 April 2018

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